Hi there,
my personal approach would be to use the GenerateBlocks plugin to build the page:
https://wordpress.org/plugins/generateblocks/
For the Posts list – use the WP Show Posts plugin:
https://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-show-posts/
Then for the merged transparent navigation you can use a Header Element that simply merges the Site Header with the Content:
https://docs.generatepress.com/article/header-element-overview/
NOTE: the header element requires no content, the Site Header tab merge option will merge it with the the page content. And it provides Navigation color options so you can set them to transparent background etc.
For the Menu Button – this article explains:
https://docs.generatepress.com/article/adding-buttons-navigation/